Diversity among animals
Introduction
1.
State
important characteristics of animals
2.
Differentiate
between animals and plants.
3.
Differentiate
between animals and fungi.
Classification
of animals
4.
Define
the term vertebrates and invertebrates.
5.
List
any five animal phyla included in invertebrates.
6.
Explain
why vertebrates are placed in phylum chordata.
Complexity in
animals
7.
Differentiate
between diploblastic and triploblastic animals.
8.
What
is the function of the mesoglea in diploblastic animals?
9.
Why
are sponges (Porifera) considered cellular level animals but not tissue-level?
10.
Discuss
how triploblastic animals are more complex than diploblastic animals.
11.
Describe
the significance of endoderm and ectoderm in animal body organization.
12.
Classify
the following animals as diploblastic and triploblastic. Hydra, Earthworm,
Fish, Jellyfish, Frog
13.
Compare
the body structure of diploblastic (Cnidarians) and triploblastic
(Platyhelminthes) animals.
14.
Justify
the importance of classification of animals in biological sciences.
15.
Evaluate
the evolutionary advantage of triploblastic organization over diploblastic.
16.
Define
acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates.
17.
Which
phyla belong to acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates?
18.
Write
a short note on protostomes and deuterostomes.
19.
What
is the role of coelom in animals?
20.
Explain
the difference between pseudocoelomates and coelomates with examples.
21.
Distinguish
protostomes and deuterostomes on the basis of the type cleavage found.
22.
Place
the following animals into their correct categories as acoelomate, pseudo
coelomate and eucoelomate: Planaria, Nematode, Earthworm, Starfish.
23.
Compare
and contrast the structural features of acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and
coelomates.
Phylum Porifera
24.
Define
Phylum Porifera.
25.
Write
three main characteristics of sponges.
26.
Identify
the function of ostia and osculum in sponges.
27.
What
is the skeleton of sponges made of?
28.
Name
the three main body forms of sponges (Ascon, Sycon, Leucon).
29.
Explain
why sponges are considered the simplest multicellular animals.
30.
Describe
how water circulates through the sponge body.
31.
Discuss
the role of choanocytes (collar cells) in sponges.
32.
Justify
why sponges are called “pore bearers”.
33.
Evaluate
the economic importance of sponges.
Phylum
coelenterate
34.
What
does the term Coelenterata mean?
35.
Name
the two cell layers present in coelenterates.
36.
Which
cells in Hydra are responsible for capturing and paralyzing prey?
37.
What
is the function of the gastrovascular cavity in Hydra?
38.
Explain
why coelenterates are called diploblastic animals.
39.
Describe
the role of cnidocytes in the nutrition of Hydra.
40.
What
is meant by polymorphism in coelenterates?
41.
Differentiate
between sponges (Porifera) and coelenterates based on body organization.
42.
Name
the two basic body forms in Obelia.
43.
What
type of symmetry do coelenterates exhibit?
44.
Define
the term “polyp.”
45.
Define
the term “medusa.”
46.
What
are coral reefs made up of?
47.
Explain
the alternation of generations in coelenterates.
48.
How
does a polyp differ functionally from a medusa?
49.
Why
are corals considered important to marine ecosystems?
50.
State
the importance of coral reefs.
Phylum
Platyhelminthes
51.
Name
the three main classes of phylum Platyhelminthes.
52.
Which
type of body symmetry is shown by Platyhelminthes?
53.
What
type of coelom do platyhelminths possess?
54.
Name
one example of class Cestoda.
55.
What
is the digestive system like in Cestodes?
56.
Define
pseudocoelom.
57.
Explain
how flatworms (Platyhelminthes) differ from roundworms (Nematodes).
58.
Why
are nematodes described as “pseudocoelomates”?
59.
Describe
the importance of the cuticle in Nematodes.
60.
Relate
the structure of the flatworm’s body to its parasitic lifestyle.
61.
State
the role of parasitic flatworms in human diseases.
Phylum Nematoda
62.
What
is Ascaris and mention its scientific name.
63.
State
the habitat of nematodes.
64.
Write
down two examples of parasitic nematodes.
65.
Why
nematodes are considered bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
66.
Describe
the economic importance of nematodes.
67.
Describe
distinguishing features of nematotes.
Phylum Annelida
68.
Write
two examples of mollusks and annelids.
69.
State
the economic importance of annelids.
70.
Explain
why annelids are called “segmented worms.”
71.
What
are parapodia and seta?
72.
Identify
the respiratory pigment found in annelids and explain its function.
73.
Differentiate
between mollusks and annelids on the basis of body segmentation and symmetry.
74.
How annelids
help in improving soil fertility.
75.
What
is meant by hermaphrodite animal?
76.
What
is meant by metameric segmentation?
77.
State
the excretory system of annelid worms.
78.
What
is a pseudo heart?
Phylum Mollusca
79.
How
mollusks are considered both beneficial and harmful for humans.
80.
Describe
the nervous system of molluscs.
81.
What
is radula?
82.
What
is the chemical composition of mollusk shells?
83.
Give
few examples of phylum Mollusca.
84.
Describe
the circulatory system of mollusks.
Phylum
Arthropoda
85.
Define
hemolymph and explain why it is not considered true blood.
86.
Write
down the three main body regions of a grasshopper.
87.
State
the function of Malpighian tubules in arthropods.
88.
Explain
how the exoskeleton helps arthropods survive in their environment.
89.
Describe
the role of spiracles and tracheae in respiration of insects.
90.
Compare
the circulatory system of arthropods with that of annelids.
91.
How
arthropods play both beneficial and harmful roles in human society.
92.
Evaluate
the importance of arthropods in pollination and food production.
93.
What
is metamorphosis?
94.
State
the importance of metamorphosis.
95.
Differentiate
between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
96.
Define
the term metamorphosis.
97.
What
is the difference between incomplete and complete metamorphosis?
98.
Write
down the stages of incomplete metamorphosis in cockroach.
99.
Write
down the stages of complete metamorphosis in butterfly.
100.
Why
is the larval stage of butterfly considered harmful for crops?
101.
How
metamorphosis increases the chances of survival in insects.
Phylum
Echinodermata
102.
Define
Echinodermata.
103.
Give
three examples of echinoderms.
104.
What
type of symmetry is found in echinoderms?
105.
Name
the system in starfish that helps in locomotion.
106.
Which
structure in echinoderms is responsible for gas exchange?
107.
Explain
the role of tube feet in echinoderms.
108.
How
does the digestive system of echinoderms differ from other animals?
109.
Describe
the process of regeneration in starfish.
110.
Explain
water vascular system in echinoderms.
111.
Compare
the nervous system of echinoderms with that of arthropod.
112.
Analyze
the importance of echinoderms in the marine food chain.
Phylum Chordata
113.
Define
Chordata.
114.
List
the four main characteristics of chordates.
115.
What
is the function of the notochord?
116.
Name
the three subphyla of Protochordata.
117.
Give
an example of subphylum Urochordata.
118.
Explain
the difference between Protochordata and Vertebrata.
119.
How
is the dorsal tubular nerve cord different from the ventral nerve cord of
invertebrates?
120.
Why
are pharyngeal gill slits important in chordates?
121.
Differentiate
between Urochordata and Cephalochordata with examples.
122.
Compare
the body structure of hemichordates and cephalochordates.
123.
Create
a flowchart showing the division of Phylum Chordata into subphyla with examples.
Class Pisces
124.
Define
superclass Pisces.
125.
Name
the three major classes of fishes.
126.
Write
two examples of cartilaginous fishes.
127.
What
is the function of gill slits in fishes?
128.
Differentiate
between Agnatha and Gnathostomata with examples.
129.
Why cyclostomes
are considered primitive fishes?
130.
Compare
the body features of cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes.
131.
Analyze
the importance of scales in providing protection to fishes.
132.
Define
Dipnoi. Why are they called lung fishes?
Class Amphibia
133.
Write
two examples of Amphibians shown in the figure.
134.
What
is a tadpole larva and how does it respire?
135.
Explain
how Dipnoi fishes survive during dry months.
136.
Why amphibians
are considered the “borderline” group between aquatic and terrestrial animals?
137.
Analyze
the importance of metamorphosis in the survival of amphibians.
138.
State
the circulatory system of an amphibian.
139.
State
four examples of class Amphibia.
140.
Why amphibians
are called tetrapods?
Class Reptilia
141.
Define
reptiles and give two examples.
142.
Write
two adaptations in reptiles that help them live on land.
143.
Why
is the skin of reptiles considered dry and scaly?
144.
What
type of fertilization do reptiles have?
145.
Name
the reptile considered a living fossil.
146.
State
the number of chambers in the reptilian heart.
147.
List
two differences between amphibians and reptiles.
148.
Which
fossil animal is considered as the link between reptiles and birds?
Class
Aves (Birds)
149.
Which
scientist discovered Archaeopteryx fossil?
150.
Why
is Archaeopteryx considered a connecting link between reptiles and birds?
151.
Write
two reptilian characters of Archaeopteryx.
152.
Write
two avian characters of Archaeopteryx.
153.
Name
one bird that has lost the ability to fly.
154.
Differentiate
between cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals with examples.
155.
Define
aves.
156.
Write
two characteristics of birds.
157.
Name
any two examples of flightless birds.
158.
What
is the function of air sacs in birds?
159.
Which
pigment gives red colour to bird’s blood?
160.
Differentiate
between flying and flightless birds with examples.
161.
Describe
the importance of the crop and gizzard in the digestive system of birds.
162.
Bird
has hollow bones and strong flight muscles, what advantage does it have?
163.
Compare
the skeletal system of flying birds and flightless birds.
164.
Evaluate
the role of warm-bloodedness in birds’ survival.
165.
Classify
birds into flying and flightless groups with examples.
Class
mammalia
166.
Define
mammals.
167.
Name
the three subclasses of mammals.
168.
Which
subclass of mammals lays eggs?
169.
Give
two examples of marsupials.
170.
Which
subclass includes kangaroo and koala?
171.
Differentiate
between Prototheria and Metatheria with examples.
172.
Why
are mammals called warm-blooded animals?
173.
Explain
the role of mammary glands in mammals.
174.
How
does the placenta help in mammals’ development?
175.
Why
mammals can live in colder regions compared to reptiles.
176.
Compare
and contrast egg-laying mammals and marsupials.
177.
Identify
similarities between mammals and reptiles.
178.
Create
a table showing characters of three subclasses of mammals with one example
each.
179.
Define
Eutherians (placental mammals).
180.
Name
any four orders of placental mammals with examples.
181.
Which
order includes elephants?
182.
Write
one example of odd-toed hoofed mammals.
183.
Which
order of mammals includes whales and dolphins?
184.
Differentiate
between Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla with examples.
185.
Classify
a cow, a dog, and a whale into their correct orders.
186.
Identify
adaptations in Cetacea that make them suited for aquatic life.
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