Chapter 16: Support and Movement

 Support and Movement

 

Human skeleton

Bone and cartilage

1.      Define cartilage and describe its composition. Knowledge

2.      State differences between cartilage and bone. Knowledge

3.      List the three main types of cartilage found in the human body. Knowledge

 

4.      Explain why cartilage heals slowly compared to other tissues. Knowledge

5.      Define bone and describe its role in the human skeleton. Knowledge

6.      How bones protect delicate internal organs. Application

7.      Explain how the composition of bone makes it both strong and slightly flexible. Application

8.      Discuss why bones can act as a storage site for minerals. Application

9.      Compare the roles of cartilage and bone in the human skeleton. Analysis

10.   What type of collagen is found in cartilage? Knowledge

11.   Name the type of cells present in cartilage. Knowledge

12.   Does cartilage contain blood vessels? Explain. Knowledge

13.   Identify the three types of cartilage present in humans. Knowledge

14.   Name two minerals stored in bones. Knowledge

15.   Describe the composition of adult human bone in terms of organic and inorganic matter. Comprehension

16.   Relate the slow healing of cartilage to its structure and blood supply. Application

17.   Compare the functions of cartilage and bone in the vertebrate skeleton. Analysis

18.   Name the two types of bone marrow. Knowledge

19.   What are the main functions of red bone marrow? Knowledge

20.   List the main types of bone cells. Knowledge

21.   State the role of osteoblasts in bone health. Comprehension

22.   Describe how osteoclasts differ in function from osteoblasts. Comprehension

23.   Relate the function of the Haversian canal to nutrient supply in bone tissue. Application

24.   Compare and contrast the roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Analysis

25.   Define an osteon (Haversian system). Knowledge

26.   State one main function of yellow bone marrow. Knowledge

27.   Which bone cells are responsible for bone resorption? Knowledge

28.   Name the bone cells that maintain mature bone tissue. Knowledge

29.   Describe the difference between compact bone and spongy bone. Comprehension

30.   Compare the locations and functions of red and yellow bone marrow. Analysis

 

Main division of Human skeleton

 

31.   Name the two main parts of the human skeleton. Knowledge

32.   How many bones are in the human skull? Knowledge

33.   List the major bones of the human skull. Knowledge

34.   How many bones are present in the vertebral column? Knowledge

35.   State the total number of bones in various component of the human body. Knowledge

36.   Name the bone located in the upper arm. Knowledge

37.   Identify the bones that make up the lower limb. Knowledge

38.   Explain the main functions of the axial skeleton. Comprehension

39.   Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of location and function. Comprehension

40.   Compare the number of bones in the upper limb and lower limb. Analysis

41.   Analyze how the arrangement of bones in the skull helps protect the brain. Analysis

42.   Assess the importance of the vertebral column . Analysis

43.   How many facial bones are present in the human skull? Knowledge

44.   Name the three bones found in the middle ear. Knowledge

45.   State the total number of vertebrae in various region of vertebral column. Knowledge

46.   How many pairs of ribs are present in the human body? Classify. Knowledge

47.   How is the rib cage important for the protection of internal organs? Comprehension

48.   Describe the difference between true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs. Comprehension

49.   Differentiate between the protective functions of the rib cage and the vertebral column. Analysis

50.   Draw a labeled diagram of the vertebral column showing its five main regions. Creation

 

Joints

 

51.   State the three main structural types of joints. Knowledge

52.   What are fibrous joints? Give an example of a fibrous joint. Knowledge

53.   Which type of joint allows free movement between bones? Knowledge

54.   Name two major categories of synovial joints. Knowledge

55.   Identify one example each of a hinge joint and a ball-and-socket joint. Knowledge

56.   Explain why fibrous joints have little or no movement. Comprehension

57.   Describe the difference between cartilaginous joints and synovial joints. Comprehension

58.   Differentiate between fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints based on structure and function. Comprehension

59.   Design a labeled diagram of a synovial joint showing all its main components. Creation

 

Disorders of Skeleton

 

60.   Define arthritis. Knowledge

61.   What is the main cause of osteoporosis? Knowledge

62.   Name the degenerative condition that affects the vertebral column. Knowledge

63.   Distinguish between a simple fracture and a compound fracture. Knowledge

64.   State one common cause of bone fractures. Knowledge

65.   Explain how arthritis affects joint movement. Comprehension

66.   4. Compare the causes and effects of arthritis, spondylosis, and sciatica. Analysis

67.   Discuss the relationship between calcium deficiency and skeletal disorders. Analysis

68.   What is the first step in the repair of a fractured bone?

69.   Which type of bone cells build new spongy bone during repair? Knowledge

70.   Define joint dislocation. Knowledge

71.   List any two common causes of joint dislocation. Knowledge

72.   Explain the role of osteoblasts in the healing of a fracture. Comprehension

73.   Describe how the bony callus is formed during fracture repair. Comprehension

74.   Compare the roles of osteoclasts and osteoblasts during fracture healing. Analysis

75.   Design a labeled diagram showing the stages of fracture repair. Creation

76.   Define a sprain. Knowledge

77.   Which tissue is injured during a sprain? Knowledge

 

Muscles

78.   Identify the muscle type that is involuntary and non-striated. Knowledge

79.   Describe the structure and function of skeletal muscle fibers. Comprehension

80.   Compare skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and control. Analysis

81.   Analyze the importance of mitochondria in muscle contraction. Analysis

82.   Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles with examples. Analysis

83.   What is the main cause of a sprain? Knowledge

84.   Identify the location where smooth muscle is found in the human body. Knowledge

85.   State whether cardiac muscle is voluntary or involuntary. Knowledge

86.   Write structural features of cardiac muscle that distinguishes it from skeletal muscles. Knowledge

87.   What is the basic unit of muscle contraction? Knowledge

88.   Explain why skeletal muscles are called voluntary muscles. Comprehension

89.   Describe the arrangement of nuclei in different type of muscle fibers. Comprehension

90.   Explain why smooth muscles are described as spindle-shaped. Comprehension

91.   Compare the fatigue resistance of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Analysis

92.   Distinguish between the role of ligaments and tendons in movement. Analysis

93.   Draw a diagram labeling the structural differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Creation

 

Structure of Skeletal Muscles & Sarcomere

 

94.   Define sarcomere. Knowledge

95.   Name the proteins found in thick and thin  myofilaments. Knowledge

96.   Identify the two main myofilaments in skeletal muscle fibers. Knowledge

97.   What is the function of T-tubules in muscle fibers? Knowledge

98.   What is the Z-line in a sarcomere? Knowledge

99.   Explain why skeletal muscle fibers appear striated under a microscope. Comprehension

100.     Describe the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction. Comprehension

101.  Distinguish between A-band and I-band in the sarcomere. Comprehension

102.  Explain how the arrangement of myofilaments allows muscle contraction. Comprehension

103.  Compare the composition of thick and thin myofilaments. Analysis

104.  16. Differentiate between the structural organization of skeletal muscle fiber and smooth muscle fiber. Analysis

105.  Draw and label a diagram of a sarcomere, including A-band, I-band, Z-line, and H-zone. Creation

106.  Define the sliding filament model. Knowledge

107.  Name the two types of myofilaments involved in muscle contraction. Knowledge

108.  List the proteins found in thin filaments. Knowledge

109.  What is the role of the myosin head in muscle contraction? Knowledge

110.  Explain how actin and myosin interact during muscle contraction. Comprehension

111.  Describe the function of ATP in the sliding filament mechanism. Comprehension

112.  Discuss why the length of A-band remains unchanged during contraction. Comprehension

113.  Explain the role of troponin and tropomyosin in regulating contraction. Comprehension

114.  Analyze how the positions of Z-lines change during contraction. Analysis

115.  Define antagonistic muscles Give an example. Knowledge

116.  Define muscle fatigue. Knowledge

117.  Name the two conditions that can cause muscle fatigue. Knowledge

118.   Explain how antagonistic muscles work together to produce movement. Comprehension

119.  Describe the roles of quadriceps and hamstrings during flexion and extension of the knee joint. Comprehension

120.  Discuss why lactic acid buildup contributes to muscle fatigue. Comprehension

121.  Define tetany and state its main cause. Knowledge

122.  Identify the bacterium responsible for tetanus. Knowledge

123.  Explain how low calcium levels lead to tetany. Comprehension

124.  Differentiate between tetany and tetanus in terms of cause and symptoms. Comprehension