Cell structure and function
Cell theory
1. Explain the modern
theory of cellular organization
2. State the four main
points of the modern theory of cellular organization.
3. Why are cells called
the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms?
4. How do new cells arise
according to the modern theory of cellular organization?
Techniques used in
cell biology
5. Name common techniques
used for isolating and examining various cell components.
Magnification and
resolution
6. How does the
magnification power of a microscope depend on its lenses?
7. What is the
magnification of a microscope when an objective lens of x40 is used with an eye
piece lens of x6?
8. Differentiate between
resolution and magnification
9. Define magnification
and resolution in microscopy.
10. Why is the resolving
power of a microscope important for biologists?
11. What limits the
resolving power of a compound light microscope?
Scientific facts
12. Which is the oldest
accurately dated life form and how old is it?
13. Name the microorganism
that dates back 3500 million years.
Staining
14. Describe different
types of staining techniques in cell biology
15. Why are staining
techniques necessary for observing cells under a microscope?
16. Differentiate between
temporary stains and permanent stains with examples.
17. Name two temporary
stains and their suitable uses.
18. Which stain is used to
observe DNA in a permanently fixed cell?
19. Match the following
stains with their final colours:(i) Acetocarmine (ii) Safranin (iii) Fast green
(iv) Lugol’s iodine
20. Which permanent stain
is suitable for staining nuclei, different spores, and bacteria?
Centrifugation
21. Explain the principle
and process of differential centrifugation
22. Define differential
centrifugation and explain its main purpose in cell biology.
23. What happens to larger
and denser organelles during centrifugation compared to smaller and lighter
ones?
24. Describe the steps
involved in the differential centrifugation process.
25. Why must tissue be
homogenized before centrifugation?
Tissue culture
26. Explain the concept of
tissue culture
27. Define tissue culture
and explain its basic purpose.
28. Why are plant tissues
often used in tissue culture experiments?
29. What is meant by
“genotypically identical cells” in the context of tissue culture?
Plant tissue culture
30. List the materials and
equipment required for plant tissue culture.
31. Explain why
sterilization of the culture medium is important.
32. Describe the main
steps involved in plant tissue culture.
33. What is the role of
plant growth regulators in tissue culture?
Chromatography
34. Define chromatography
and state its main purpose in biology.
35. What is the stationary
phase in paper chromatography?
36. Give two examples of
substances that can be separated using chromatography.
37. Why do different
molecules travel at different speeds during chromatography?
38. How is the chromatogram
obtained in paper chromatography?
Electrophoresis
39. Define electrophoresis
and explain its basic principle.
40. Why do different
molecules move at different rates during electrophoresis?
41. Name two biological
molecules that can be separated using electrophoresis.
Microdissection and
micrometry
42. Describe the uses of a
microscope in microdissection and micrometry
43. What is
microdissection and how is it performed?
44. Give two uses of
microdissection in cell biology.
45. Define micrometry and
explain its importance in measuring microscopic objects.
46. Which type of
microscope is required for micrometry?
47. Explain how the ocular
and stage micrometers are used together to measure cell size.
48. Apply micrometry in
biological measurement
49. What is micrometry and
why is it important in biology?
50. How is the size of a
microscopic object calculated using micrometry?
Cell wall
51. Describe the structure
and functions of the cell wall
52. Name the three
fundamental layers of the cell wall.
53. What is the primary
chemical component of the cell wall?
54. Define the primary
wall, secondary wall, and middle lamella.
55. State two functions of
the cell wall in plant cells.
56. What is the role of
the middle lamella in plant tissue?
57. Mention two uses of
cellulose in daily life.
Plasma membrane
58. Explain the structure
and role of the plasma membrane
59. Describe Fluid Mosaic
Model of the plasma membrane?
60. What is the percentage
composition of proteins and lipids in the cell membrane?
61. Describe the
arrangement of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane according to the Fluid
Mosaic Model.
62. What is meant by
“selectively permeable membrane”?
63. Give two functions of
proteins present in the plasma membrane.
64. How do glycoproteins
and glycolipids contribute to cell membrane function?
65. Explain the role of
membrane carbohydrates, glycolipids, and glycoproteins
66. What are glycolipids
and glycoproteins, and where are they found in the plasma membrane?
67. State two functions of
glycolipids in the cell membrane.
68. How do glycoproteins
help in cell-to-cell recognition?
69. Why are glycolipids
and glycoproteins called “cell surface markers”?
70. Who first proposed the
concept of a lipid bilayer and in which year?
Cytoplasm
71. Describe the structure
and functions of cytoplasm
72. 10. Define cytoplasm
and name its major components.
73. 11. What is cytosol,
and what percentage of water does it contain?
74. 12. List at least four
organelles suspended in the cytosol.
75. 3. Explain why cytosol
is described as a colloidal solution.
76. Give three functions
of cytoplasm in cell activities.
77. How does cytoplasm
contribute to the movement of materials within a cell?
78. Define cytoplasmic organelles
and give two example.
Endoplasmic reticulum
79. Describe the structure
and function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
80. Differentiate between
rough ER (RER) and smooth ER (SER).
81. What is the role of ribosomes
attached to the RER?
82. State two functions of
SER in the cell.
Ribosomes
83. Explain the structure
and function of ribosomes
84. What are ribosomes
composed of?
85. Differentiate between
the 70S ribosome and the 80S ribosome in terms of size and location.
86. Name the two subunits
of a ribosome and their respective sizes in eukaryotic cells.
87. What is a polysome and
what is its role in protein synthesis?
88. Why are ribosomes
called “protein factories” of the cell?
89. Who discovered
ribosomes and in which year?
90. Which scientist coined
the term “ribosome”?
Golgi apparatus
91. Describe the structure
and functions of the Golgi apparatus
92. Who discovered the
Golgi apparatus and in which year?
93. What is the structure
of the Golgi apparatus composed of?
94. State two main
functions of the Golgi apparatus in the cell.
95. How does the Golgi
apparatus modify and package proteins?
96. What is the
relationship between the ER and the Golgi apparatus?
Lysosomes
97. Explain the structure
and functions of lysosomes
98. Define lysosomes and
state their function in the cell.
99. What are primary
lysosomes and how do they form?
100. Differentiate between
primary and secondary lysosomes.
101. Why are lysosomes
called “suicide bags” of the cell?
102. Name two enzymes
commonly found in lysosomes.
Peroxisomes
103. Describe peroxisomes
and their role
104. What are peroxisomes
and what is their typical size?
105. Which enzyme present
in peroxisomes breaks down hydrogen peroxide?
106. State two functions of
peroxisomes in animal cells.
107. How do peroxisomes
protect cells from oxidative damage?
Cytoskeleton
108. Describe the structure
and function of the cytoskeleton
109. Define cytoskeleton
and name its three main components.
110. Who discovered the
cytoskeleton and in which year?
111. What is the function
of microtubules in a cell?
112. Differentiate between
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
113. How do microfilaments
contribute to cell movement?
Centriole
114. Explain the role and
structure of centrioles
115. What are centrioles
and in which types of cells are they found?
116. Describe the structure
of a centriole.
117. What is the role of
centrioles in cell division?
118. How are microtubules
arranged in a centriole?
119. State two functions of
centrioles apart from their role in mitosis.
Cilia and flagella
120. Describe the structure
and function of cilia and flagella
121. What are cilia and
flagella, and how do they differ in size and number per cell?
122. Describe the structure
of a cilium with reference to its microtubule arrangement.
123. What is the 9 + 2
arrangement found in cilia and flagella?
124. How are cilia and
flagella anchored to the cell?
125. Mention two functions
of cilia and flagella in cells.
Mitochondria
126. Explain the structure
and role of mitochondria
127. What is the main
function of mitochondria in a cell?
128. Describe the structure
of a mitochondrion, including its membranes and cristae.
129. Why are mitochondria
called the “powerhouses” of the cell?
130. What is the
significance of mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes?
131. How does the inner
membrane of mitochondria assist in ATP production?
Plastids
132. Identify the types and
functions of plastids
133. What are plastids and
in which type of cells are they found?
134. List the three main
types of plastids and their primary functions.
135. What is the role of
chlorophyll in chloroplasts?
136. How does the structure
of chloroplasts support photosynthesis?
137. Differentiate between
chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
138. Describe the structure
and function of chloroplasts and other plastids
139. What are thylakoids,
and how are they arranged in a chloroplast?
140. Define stroma and list
its main components.
141. How do chloroplasts
resemble mitochondria in structure?
142. What pigment is
present in chromoplasts, and what is its function?
143. Where are leucoplasts
commonly found, and what is their role?
144. Differentiate between
types of plastids
145. Compare the functions
of chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
146. Why are chromoplasts
important in pollination and seed dispersal?
147. Which plastid type is
involved in starch storage?
148. How does pigment
composition vary among the three types of plastids?
Nucleus
149. Explain the structure
and function of the nucleus
150. Who discovered the nucleus,
and in which year?
151. Name the three main
components of the nucleus.
152. Describe the structure
and function of the nuclear membrane.
153. What is the role of
nuclear pores?
154. Explain the function
of the nucleolus in protein synthesis.
155. Explain the concept of
diploid and haploid numbers of chromosomes
156. What is meant by diploid (2n) and haploid (n) chromosome numbers?
157. Why is it important for gametes to have a haploid number of chromosomes?
158. Give an example of an organism with a diploid number of 46 chromosomes.
159. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?
160. Why do chromosome numbers remain constant in a species from generation to generation?
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
161. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
162. State one main difference between the genetic material of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
163. How is the DNA of prokaryotic cells arranged?
164. What is meant by the term “nucleoid”?
165. Why do prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane?
166. Give an example of an organism with a prokaryotic cell structure.
Structure of a
bacterial cell
167. Describe the structure of a bacterial cell
168. What is the composition of the bacterial cell wall?
169. What is the role of peptidoglycan in bacteria?
170. Which structures protect bacterial cells from osmotic lysis?
171. How do bacterial ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes?
172. What is the function of the bacterial cell membrane?
173. What is the function of the bacterial capsule?
174. How does the bacterial
flagellum help the cell?
175. Where is the nucleoid
located in a bacterial cell?
176. What is the role of plasmids
in bacteria?
177. Define conjugation in bacteria.
178. How is DNA transferred
from one bacterium to another during conjugation?
179. What happens during
transformation in bacteria?
180. Explain the role of
bacteriophages in transduction.
181. Differentiate between
transformation and transduction.
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