Plant nutrients
1.
Define macronutrients and
micronutrients with examples.
2.
State the role of soil pH
in nutrient absorption.
3.
List any four
macronutrients and their functions in plants.
4.
Name two micronutrients
required for nitrogen fixation.
5.
Differentiate between
primary and secondary macronutrients with examples.
6.
Explain why deficiency of
magnesium affects photosynthesis.
7.
Describe how soil pH
influences the availability of minerals to plants.
8.
Interpret the role of
potassium in stomatal regulation.
9.
Predict the effect on plant
growth if iron is deficient.
10.
Justify why farmers often
add phosphorus fertilizers to the soil.
11.
Compare and contrast the
functions of nitrogen and potassium in plant metabolism.
Special Modes of Nutrition in Plants
12.
Define parasitic plants
with one example.
13.
List any two insectivorous
plants shown in the figure.
14.
Differentiate between
saprophytic and symbiotic nutrition in plants.
15.
Explain why insectivorous
plants trap insects even though they are autotrophic.
16.
Justify the importance of
symbiotic association between leguminous plants and Rhizobium.
17.
Apply your knowledge to
explain why parasitic plants cannot survive independently.
18.
What is the significance of
insectivory in plants growing in nitrogen-deficient soils.
19.
Compare insectivorous and
parasitic plants in terms of their mode of nutrition.
Role of Stomata in Gaseous Exchange and Transpiration.
20.
What is the role of stomata
in plants?
21.
State the function of guard
cells.
22.
Describe how stomata open
and close.
23.
Summarize the importance of
transpiration in plants.
24.
Predict what will happen if
all stomata remain open throughout the day.
Transport
in Plants
25.
Define xylem and phloem.
26.
Name the two main types of
xylem elements.
27.
What are sieve tubes?
28.
State the function of
companion cells.
29.
Differentiate between
tracheids and vessel elements.
30.
Explain why xylem cells are
dead at maturity while phloem cells are living.
31.
Describe how sieve tubes
transport food materials.
32.
Compare and contrast the
structure and function of xylem and phloem.
33.
State the importance of
pits in tracheids for water conduction.
Water status in plants
34.
Define water potential and
state its symbol.
35.
What is the difference
between solute potential (Ψs) and pressure potential (Ψp)?
36.
Explain why water always
moves from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water
potential.
37.
State the importance of
turgor pressure in maintaining plant rigidity and cell shape.
Movement of water through roots
38.
Differentiate between the
apoplast pathway and the symplast pathway of water movement in plants.
39.
Trace the movement of water
from the root hair to the xylem using diagram.
40.
Analyze how water potential
is affected if more solutes are added to a plant cell.
41.
Compare the role of
symplastic, apoplastic, and transmembrane pathways in water transport.
Water movement in xylem through TACT mechanism
42.
Define cohesion and
adhesion in relation to water molecules.
43.
What is meant by the term
transpiration pull?
44.
State the role of xylem in
long-distance water transport.
45.
Explain the Cohesion-Tension
Theory (CTT) of water movement.
46.
Describe how cohesion and
adhesion forces contribute to the upward movement of water in tall trees.
47.
How transpiration is
necessary for maintaining the water movement in xylem.
48.
How does adhesion help
water to resist the force of gravity in xylem vessels?
49.
Analyze how tension is
created in the xylem during transpiration.
50.
Why does water not break
its continuous column in xylem vessels despite high tension?
Mechanism of Stomatal Opening & Closing of stomata
51.
State the role of potassium
ions (K⁺) in stomatal opening.
52.
Explain the mechanism of
stomatal opening and closing with reference to turgor changes in guard cells.
53.
How does a change in
osmotic potential of guard cells affect the opening of stomata?
Translocation of organic solutes
54.
What is meant by the
pressure flow hypothesis?
55.
Compare the xylem transport
of water with phloem transport of organic solutes.
56.
Define transpiration pull
and translocation
57.
What is translocation
58.
Describe how solutes are
translocated from source to sink in plants.
Homeostatis in plants
59.
Define osmosis.
60.
What is meant by isotonic,
hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?
61.
What is the role of sieve
tubes in phloem transport?
62.
Identify the “source” and
“sink” in the pressure flow hypothesis.
63.
Which process helps in the
movement of water from xylem to phloem?
64.
Why does a plant cell
become flaccid in a hypertonic solution?
65.
Describe how osmotic
pressure is important in maintaining plant cell turgidity.
66.
Compare the effects of
hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant cells.
67.
Differentiate between the
direction of water movement in xylem and phloem.
68.
Analyze the relationship
between solute concentration and water potential in osmosis.
Osmoregulation in
plants
69.
Define xerophytes, mesophytes, hydrophytes, and halophytes.
70.
Give two examples of xerophytes.
71.
Which type of plants grow in normal land conditions with moderate water
supply?
72.
State the main feature of hydrophytes that helps them survive in water.
73.
Which group of plants is able to tolerate high salt concentrations?
74.
Explain why xerophytes develop thick cuticles and sunken stomata.
75.
Describe the conditions under which mesophytes usually grow.
76.
Why do halophytes need special adaptations to survive in their habitat?
77.
How do hydrophytes manage buoyancy and gas exchange?
78.
Compare the adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes.
79.
Differentiate between the structural features of mesophytes and halophytes.
80.
Analyze how temperature extremes limit plant distribution.
Support in plants
81.
Define turgor pressure.
82.
What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic solution?
83.
State the role of sclerenchyma in plant support.
84.
What is plasmolysis?
85.
Which plant tissues provide mechanical strength?
86.
Explain why plant cells become flaccid in isotonic solutions.
87.
Describe how cell wall rigidity and turgor pressure together provide
support in plants.
88.
Why does wilting occur during drought?
89.
How does sclerenchyma differ from collenchyma in providing support?
90.
Explain the importance of lignin in plant support.
91.
What would happen if a fully turgid plant cell is placed in a hypertonic
medium.
92.
Evaluate the importance of turgor pressure for non-woody plants.
93.
Define collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues.
94.
State the main function of collenchyma in plants.
95.
Write two differences between sclerenchyma fibers and sclereids.
96.
Name two plant parts where sclereids are commonly found.
97.
Differentiate between collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Growth and development
and Annual rings
98.
Define meristematic tissue.
99.
State two main kinds of meristematic tissues.
100.
Where is the apical meristem located?
101.
Name the three zones found in the root tip.
102.
What is the function of the zone of elongation?
103.
Explain the role of apical meristem in primary growth of plants.
104.
Describe the difference between the zone of cell division and the zone of
maturation.
105.
Define lateral meristem.
106.
Name the two types of lateral meristems.
107.
What is the main function of vascular cambium?
108.
Define apical dominance.
109.
What is determinate growth?
110.
Differentiate between vascular cambium and cork cambium.
111.
Define phloem and explain its role in food transport.
Annual rings
112.
What are annual rings, and how are they formed in trees?
113.
Explain how the cambium contributes to the increase in the thickness of a
stem.
114.
How can annual rings be used to estimate the age of a tree?
115.
A tree trunk shows 25 annual rings. What is the approximate age of the
tree?
Growth responses in
plants
Plant hormones
116.
Who first isolated gibberellins, and from which organism?
117.
What are growth substances in plants? Give examples.
118.
Describe the role of gibberellins in seed germination.
119.
Explain two ways in which gibberellins are beneficial.
120.
Compare and contrast auxins and gibberellins in terms of their function in
plant growth.
121.
Define cytokinins. Who discovered them?
122.
What is the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants?
123.
Which plant hormone is also called the stress hormone?
124.
Write two functions of ethylene in plants.
125.
Describe how ethylene helps in fruit ripening.
126.
Explain how cytokinins prevent senescence (aging) of leaves.
127.
Why is abscisic acid considered a growth inhibitor?
128.
Compare the roles of auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins in plant growth
regulation.
Plant Movements
(tropic, nastic, and turgor movements).
129.
What are tropic movements in plants?
130.
Differentiate between tropic and nastic movements with examples.
131.
How does turgor movement differ from other types of plant movement?
132.
Recognize different types of plant movements.
133.
What are nastic movements? Give one example.
134.
Differentiate between nastic and tropic movements.
135.
Define sleep movement in plants with an example.
136.
Classify plant movements on the basis of stimulus.
137.
Explain autonomic and paratonic movements with suitable examples.
138.
List and define any three types of tropic movements.
139.
Why is phototropism important for green plants?
140.
How do hydrotropism and geotropism help plants in absorbing water and
nutrients?
141.
Explain how the Mimosa pudica (touch-me-not plant) shows defensive
movement.
142.
Describe the role of thigmotropism in climbing plants like pea plants.
143.
Compare sleep movement in leaves and seismonastic movement in Mimosa.
144.
Write similarities and differences between phototropism and geotropism.
145.
Identify which type of movement is root growing downward, Leaf folding when touched, Tendrils
coiling around a support.
146.
Define phototropism and explain with an example.
147.
Differentiate between thigmotropism and geotropism with examples.
148.
What are nastic movements? How do they differ from tropic movements?
149.
Describe photonasty with an example from flowers.
150.
Define taxis. How is it different from tropism?
151.
Compare tropic, nastic, and taxic movements with one example each.
152.
Identify which type of movement is shown in roots growing towards water,
leaves closing at night and Sperm cells moving towards egg cells in lower
plants.
Photoperiodism
153.
Define and explain photoperiodism.
154.
What is photoperiodism?
155.
Why is photoperiodism important for plants?
156.
Name the pigment responsible for perceiving photoperiod in plants.
157.
Define short-day plants with examples.
158.
Define long-day plants with examples.
159.
Compare short-day plants and long-day plants with respect to their
flowering behavior.
160.
What is meant by critical day length?
161.
Why do long-day plants not flower during short days?
162.
Analyze the role of phytochrome in regulating flowering in response to
light.
Vernalization
163.
Who first demonstrated the phenomenon of vernalization?
164.
Name the plant used by Chailakhyan in his experiment on photoperiodism.
165.
Explain why a short-day plant like Chrysanthemum fails to bloom under
long-day conditions.
166.
Describe the significance of vernalization in crop production.
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