Chapter 14: Respiration

 Respiration

 

Respiratory Surface

1.      What is a respiratory surface? Knowledge

2.      List any three properties of an efficient respiratory surface. Knowledge

3.      Explain why the respiratory surface needs to be thin. Comprehension

4.      Why is it necessary for respiratory surfaces to have a large surface area? Comprehension

5.      Analyze how the properties of respiratory surfaces contribute to efficient gas exchange. Analysis

6.      Evaluate the importance of maintaining a steep diffusion gradient across the respiratory surface. Evaluation

 

Human respiratory system

7.      Name the organs included in the human respiratory system. Knowledge

8.      What substance is secreted by the mucous membrane? Knowledge

9.      Describe the role of nose hair in the respiratory system. Comprehension

10.   Compare and contrast the function of mucus and cilia in the nasal cavity. Analysis

11.   Justify the statement: "Nose hair is the first line of defense in the human respiratory system." Evaluation

12.   Identify the parts of the pharynx mentioned in the text. Knowledge

13.   Define the function of the nasopharynx in respiration. Knowledge

14.   What role does mucus play in the nasal passage? Knowledge

15.   Name the part of the pharynx involved in swallowing. Knowledge

16.   At what temperature is the air warmed under the mucous membrane? Knowledge

17.   Describe how cilia and mucus work together in the nasal passage. Comprehension

18.   How does the pharynx assist in both respiration and digestion? Comprehension

19.   Why is snoring more common when a person sleeps on their back? Comprehension

20.   Suggest a way to reduce snoring.  Application

21.   What could be the possible impact of damaged cilia in the nasal cavity?  Application

22.   Evaluate the importance of warming and moistening the air before it enters the lungs. Evaluation

23.   Why is breathing through the nose considered healthier than breathing through the mouth? Evaluation

24.   What is the function of the laryngopharynx? Knowledge

25.   Name the three regions of the pharynx. Knowledge

26.   What are the two ligaments in the larynx called? Knowledge

27.   Define trachea and give its approximate length. Knowledge

28.   What are the structural differences between the right and left bronchi? Knowledge

29.   Explain how sound is produced in the larynx. Comprehension

30.   Describe the role of the bronchi in the respiratory system. Comprehension

31.   Analyze why the right bronchus is more prone to foreign object entry than the left. Analysis

32.   What is the function of bronchioles in the respiratory system? Knowledge

33.   Define alveoli and state their role in respiration. Knowledge

34.   How many alveoli are present in human lungs approximately? Knowledge

35.   Name the substance secreted by alveolar cells that reduces surface tension. Knowledge

36.   Explain how bronchioles help in regulating airflow in the lungs. Comprehension

37.   Why is the large surface area of alveoli important for gas exchange? Comprehension

38.   Describe the role of surfactants in the lungs. Comprehension

39.   Compare the structure and function of bronchioles and alveoli. Analysis

40.   Analyze the impact of surfactant deficiency on the efficiency of gas exchange. Analysis

41.   Why is the one-cell thick wall of alveoli critical for its function? Justify. Evaluation

42.   What is the thickness of the alveolar wall? Knowledge

43.   Name the type of epithelial tissue found lining the alveoli. Knowledge

44.   How many lobes are present in the right lung and left lung? Knowledge

45.   Which lung is smaller in volume and why? Knowledge

46.   Explain why alveoli have a dense network of capillaries. Comprehension

47.   Why is it important for alveolar epithelium to be very thin? Comprehension

48.   Illustrate the path of air from the trachea to the alveoli. Application

49.   Label the diagram of alveoli showing bronchioles, capillaries, and alveolar sacs. Application

50.   Differentiate between the right and left lungs in terms of size and lobes. Analysis

51.   Analyze how the structure of alveoli facilitates efficient gas exchange. Analysis

52.   Why is it beneficial that alveolar walls are only 0.1 µm thick? Defend your answer. Evaluation

53.   Design a labeled flowchart that shows the path of air through the respiratory system ending in the alveoli. Synthesis

 

Lung Volumes and Capacities

54.   Define tidal volume. Knowledge

55.   Define spirometry. Knowledge

56.   List various lung volumes and their quantities. Knowledge

57.   What is the function of a spirometer? Knowledge

58.   State the average value of tidal volume during quiet breathing. Knowledge

59.   List the four major respiratory volumes. Knowledge

60.   How much air remains in the lungs as residual volume after maximum expiration? Knowledge

61.   Differentiate between respiratory volumes and respiratory capacities. Comprehension

62.   If a person’s tidal volume is 500 mL and respiratory rate is 16/min, calculate their minute volume. Application

63.   Create a flowchart showing all respiratory volumes and how they contribute to total lung capacity. Synthesis

64.   Define functional residual capacity. Knowledge

65.   List the components of total lung capacity. Knowledge

66.   Why is residual volume important for respiration?

67.   Calculate total lung capacity if a person’s vital capacity is 4600 mL and their residual volume is 1200 mL. Application

68.   A person’s inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL and tidal volume is 500 mL. What is their inspiratory capacity? Application

69.    

 

Control of breathing

70.   Name the muscles involved in the process of breathing. Knowledge

71.   What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration? Knowledge

72.   Identify the brain center responsible for regulating normal breathing. Knowledge

73.   Which nerve transmits impulses from the brain to the diaphragm? Knowledge

74.   Explain the process of inhalation with reference to the changes in the thoracic cavity. Comprehension

75.   Describe the function of the expiratory center. Comprehension

76.   Why is expiration normally considered a passive process? Comprehension

77.   How does carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of breathing? Comprehension

78.   Demonstrate the effect of exercise on lung volumes and breathing rate. Application

79.   Compare and contrast inhalation and exhalation with respect to muscle activity and thoracic pressure. Analysis

80.   Analyze how the medulla oblongata and pons coordinate breathing. Analysis

81.   Justify the need for increased breathing rate during physical activity. Evaluation

 

Mechanism of transport of gases

82.   Define oxyhaemoglobin. Knowledge

83.   What is the main function of haemoglobin in oxygen transport? Knowledge

84.   State the percentage of oxygen transported by haemoglobin. Knowledge

85.   What does the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve represent? Knowledge

86.   Which part of red blood cells carries oxygen? Knowledge

87.   Comprehension (Understanding)

88.   Explain how haemoglobin binds with oxygen in the lungs. Comprehension

89.   Describe the role of partial pressure in oxygen transport. Comprehension

90.   How does temperature affect the oxygen-binding capacity of haemoglobin? Comprehension

91.   Predict what happens to oxygen transport during high-altitude exposure. Application

92.   How many oxygen molecules can one haemoglobin molecule bind with? Knowledge

93.   What percentage of oxygen is transported in dissolved form in plasma? Knowledge

94.   What is the role of red blood cells in oxygen transport? Knowledge

95.   Explain why oxygen binds more readily to haemoglobin in the lungs than in tissues. Comprehension

96.   Describe how oxygen is released from haemoglobin in body tissues. Comprehension

97.   Why does high carbon dioxide concentration promote oxygen release from haemoglobin? Comprehension

98.   What happens to haemoglobin’s oxygen affinity in acidic conditions? Comprehension

99.   In a person with sickle cell anemia, how would oxygen transport be affected? Application

100.  Why does haemoglobin release oxygen more readily at low pO₂? Analysis

101.     Compare oxygen transport in arterial vs. venous blood. Analysis

102.     State the three main forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Knowledge

103.     What percentage of CO₂ is transported as bicarbonate ions? Knowledge

104.     Define carbamino-haemoglobin. Knowledge

105.     Name the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of CO₂ to carbonic acid. Knowledge

106.     What is chloride shift? Knowledge

107.     Explain the process by which CO₂ is converted into bicarbonate ions in red blood cells. Comprehension

108.     Illustrate the step-by-step reactions of CO₂ transport in RBCs. Application

109.     Compare the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Analysis

110.     Analyze how the chloride shift maintains ionic balance in red blood cells. Analysis

111.     Create a table comparing different forms of CO₂ and O₂transport with their percentages and pathways. Synthesis

112.     What is the chemical formula for carbonic acid? And how it is formed? Knowledge

113.     Which ion is released when H₂CO₃ dissociates in blood? Knowledge

114.     Write the equation catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. Knowledge

115.     Where in the body does CO₂ primarily combine with haemoglobin and why? Knowledge

116.     Why is the CO₂ concentration higher in tissues than in the lungs? Comprehension

117.     What happens to the bicarbonate ions when blood reaches the lungs? Comprehension

118.     Compare the proportions of CO₂ transported as bicarbonate, dissolved, and carbamino compounds. Analysis

119.     Create a labeled diagram showing all the chemical reactions involved in CO₂ transport in blood. Synthesis

 

Respiratory pigments

120.     Define respiratory pigment. Knowledge

121.     Name the respiratory pigment found in red blood cells. Knowledge

122.     What is the function of haemoglobin? Knowledge

123.     What is myoglobin? Knowledge

124.     Compare the oxygen affinity of myoglobin and haemoglobin. Comprehension

125.     Compare the properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Comprehension

126.     Apply your understanding of myoglobin to explain its role in muscles during exercise. Application

127.     Compare the structures and functions of haemoglobin and myoglobin. Analysis

128.     Name the pigment responsible for oxygen storage in muscle cells. Write its properties. Knowledge

129.     Describe the difference in function between haemoglobin and myoglobin. Comprehension

130.     Create a table comparing haemoglobin and myoglobin based on structure, location, and function. Synthesis

                                                                                    

Respiratory Disorders  -  Upper Respiratory System (Sinusitis & Otitis Media)

131.     Define sinusitis. Knowledge

132.     What is otitis media? Knowledge

133.     Name any four common symptoms of sinusitis. Knowledge

134.     Identify the function of the Eustachian tube. Knowledge

135.     Explain how blockage of the sinuses leads to sinusitis. Comprehension

136.     Describe how otitis media causes ear pain. Comprehension

137.     What treatment would you recommend for a child showing symptoms of otitis media? Application

138.     Predict the consequences if otitis media is left untreated. Application

139.     List common treatments for sinusitis. Knowledge

140.     State the name function of the small canal that connects the middle ear to the pharynx. Knowledge

141.     Explain why children are more susceptible to otitis media. Comprehension

142.     Describe how fluid buildup occurs in otitis media. Comprehension

143.     Construct a table comparing the causes, symptoms, and treatment of sinusitis and otitis media. Synthesis

 

Respiratory Disorders  -  Lower  Respiratory System

144.     Define emphysema. Knowledge

145.     What are the main causes of lung cancer? Knowledge

146.     Name the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. Knowledge

147.     List any four symptoms of tuberculosis. Knowledge

148.     State the full form of BCG. Knowledge

149.     Explain how smoking leads to emphysema. Comprehension

150.     How does tuberculosis spread from person to person? Comprehension

151.     Compare and contrast the symptoms of emphysema and tuberculosis. Analysis

152.     Name the two major respiratory disorders caused by smoking. Knowledge

153.     Mention early symptoms of lung cancer. Knowledge

154.     Describe the mechanism by which tuberculosis bacteria affect the lungs. Comprehension