Diversity among plants
Introduction
and evolutionary origin of plants
1.
Define
Kingdom Plantae.
2.
Name
the two main types of plants based on vascular tissue presence.
3.
Which
group of plants reproduces from spores rather than seeds?
4.
In
which era did the first living organisms appear according to the geological
time chart?
5.
State
the approximate age of the oldest bacteria discovered by Barghoon and Schopt.
6.
Name
one plant group that flourished during the Carboniferous period.
7.
Identify
the period when reptiles dominated the Earth.
8.
Define
the term phyletic lineage.
9.
Which
organisms appeared first — amphibians or reptiles?
Diagnostic
features of plants
10.
Explain
why plants are considered essential for the survival of other living creatures.
11.
Describe
how biologists classify plants into smaller divisions within Kingdom Plantae.
12.
Explain
the term “vascular plants” with an example.
13.
Identify
the period in which flowering plants first appeared.
14.
How
does the presence or absence of conducting tissues affect plant survival and
habitat?
15.
List
any four diagnostic features of plants.
16.
What
are the three main parts into which most plants are differentiated?
Alternation of
generation
17.
What
is meant by isomorphic alternation of generations?
18.
Which
plant group shows dependence of sporophyte on gametophyte?
Non vascular
plants, Bryophytes
19.
What
are bryophytes? Name any two examples of Bryophytes.
20.
Identify
the three main groups of bryophytes.
21.
Name
the male and female reproductive organs in bryophytes.
22.
Give
one example each of liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
23.
Why
is sporophyte of bryophytes dependent on gametophyte?
24.
Compare
the structural differences between gametophyte and sporophyte in bryophytes.
25.
Describe
the role of rhizoids in bryophytes.
26.
How
do the diagnostic features differentiate plants from other kingdoms?
27.
Why
might non-vascular plants be limited to moist habitats?
28.
In
what ways does alternation of generations benefit plant survival?
29.
Why
are gametophytes in bryophytes considered dominant compared to sporophytes?
Life cycle of
moss
30.
Define
alternation of generations.
31.
Name
the two generations found in moss life cycle.
32.
What
is the ploidy level (haploid/diploid) of gametophyte in moss?
33.
Identify
the structure in moss that produces spores.
34.
What
is the male reproductive organ of moss called?
35.
What
is the female reproductive organ of moss called?
36.
Name
the structure that develops from the fertilized egg in moss.
37.
Explain
how fertilization occurs in mosses.
38.
Describe
the role of water in moss reproduction.
39.
Compare
gametophyte and sporophyte phases in moss plants.
40.
Explain
the significance of alternation of generations in moss survival.
41.
Describe
how moss spores are dispersed.
42.
Explain
why mosses are more common in moist habitats.
43.
Why
is the gametophyte considered the dominant phase in mosses?
44.
Define
bryophytes and explain why they are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
45.
State
the adaptations of bryophytes for water and conservation of water.
46.
Define
heterogamy in bryophytes.
47.
Explain
how bryophytes protect the developing embryo.
48.
Why
are bryophytes not considered true land plants despite their terrestrial
adaptations?
Bryophytes land
adoptations
49.
Define
embryophytes and explain the protection of the zygote within the female
reproductive organ.
50.
State
the meaning of alternation of generations in bryophytes.
51.
List
the ecological and economic uses of bryophytes.
52.
Identify
the main characteristics of vascular plants (tracheophytes).
53.
Explain
how retention of the zygote within the female structure benefits embryophytes.
54.
Explain
how tracheophytes differ from bryophytes in structure and adaptation.
55.
Compare
and contrast bryophytes and tracheophytes in terms of water transport and
reproduction.
56.
How
does alternation of generations help bryophytes adapt to terrestrial life?
Bryophytes
importance
57.
Evaluate
the role of bryophytes in preventing soil erosion.
58.
Describe
the role of bryophytes as pioneers in ecological succession.
59.
How
bryophytes contribute to soil formation?
60.
What
ecological role do bryophytes play as pioneer species?
General
characteristics of vascular plants
61.
Why
are tracheophytes better adapted to dry land compared to bryophytes?
62.
Why
are phloem and xylem considered evolutionary advancements in plants?
Psilopsida and
lycopsida
63.
How
do the stem structures of Psilotum and Lycopodium differ from bryophytes?
64.
Identify
the main characteristics of Lycopsida (club mosses) and Sphenopsida
(horsetails).
65.
What
are the distinguishing features of Lycopsida?
66.
Describe
the structure and function of sporophylls in club mosses.
67.
What
role do sporophylls play in the reproduction of Lycopsida?
68.
Why
do Lycopsida thrive best in damp and shady places?
69.
Lycopsids
are said to have “microphylls.” What does this term mean, and how is it
different from the leaves of higher plants?
Sphenopsida
70.
Why
are Sphenopsida commonly called “horsetails”?
71.
Illustrate
the morphology of Equisetum (horsetail) with reference to stem and leaves.
72.
How
are the leaves of Equisetum arranged on the stem?
73.
Why
is Equisetum considered a “living fossil”?
Pteropsida
74.
Identify
the main characteristics of Pteropsida (ferns).
75.
What
are the three classes of Pteropsida?
Adiantum
76.
Describe
the structure of a maidenhair fern sporophyte.
77.
How
are the stem, leaves, and roots organized in a fern?
78.
What
is meant by the term frond?
79.
Explain
the role of sori and sporangia in ferns.
80.
What
is the function of sori in ferns?
81.
Where
are sporangia usually located in ferns?
82.
Differentiate
between young and mature fronds.
83.
Why
is the young fern leaf called circinate vernation?
84.
Illustrate
the life cycle of a typical fern.
85.
How
is alternation of generations expressed in ferns?
86.
Identify
the structural features of Adiantum.
87.
Why
is Adiantum commonly called Maidenhair Fern?
88.
What
type of stem is present in Adiantum?
89.
Describe
the structure of sporophyte and gametophyte in Adiantum.
90.
What
is the role of the rhizome in Adiantum?
91.
How
is the prothallus formed in the life cycle of Adiantum?
92.
Explain
the reproductive structures of Adiantum.
93.
Where
are sori located on the fronds of Adiantum?
94.
What
is the function of antheridia and archegonia?
95.
Illustrate
the life cycle of Adiantum with alternation of generations.
96.
Which
stages in the life cycle of Adiantum are haploid and which are diploid?
97.
Compare
the sporophytic and gametophytic phases of Adiantum.
98.
Why
are fern leaves called megaphylls? How do they differ from microphylls of
Lycopsida?
99.
How
does alternation of generations in ferns differ from that in bryophytes?
Evolution of
leaf
100.
Differentiate
between a microphyllous and megaphyllous leaf.
101.
What
is a microphyllous leaf?
102.
What
is a megaphyllous leaf?
103.
Classify
plants groups on basis of their leaf types.
Evolution of
seed
104.
Explain
how the evolution of the pollen tube enabled seed plants to thrive in diverse
terrestrial environments.
105.
Compare
the fertilization process in non-vascular plants and seed plants, highlighting
the role of water.
106.
What
is a pollen tube?
107.
How
does the pollen tube solve the challenge of sperm delivery in seed plants?
108.
What
is meant by heterogamy?
Gymnosperms
(Class Gymnospermae)
109.
List
three key characteristics of gymnosperms and explain how they differ from
angiosperms.
110.
Describe
the significance of polyembryony in gymnosperms.
111.
How
do gymnosperms like Pinus and Taxus contribute to human industries and
medicine?
112.
How
are gymnosperms important to us?
113.
What
structural adaptations help gymnosperms survive in harsh environments
Angiosperms
(Class Angiospermae)
114.
Define
angiosperms and explain why they are considered the most advanced group of
plants. Differentiate between monocots
and dicots based on root systems, cotyledons, and leaf venation.
115.
Why
are angiosperms the primary source of human food? Provide examples to support
your answer.
116.
If a
plant has parallel leaf venation and fibrous roots, is it a monocot or dicot?
Justify your answer.
117.
Identify
the differences between monocot and dicot plants in terms of venation, vascular
bundles, and floral symmetry.
118.
Explain
the structure and arrangement of vascular bundles in monocot stems versus dicot
stems.
119.
Why
is secondary growth absent in most monocot stems?
Life cycle of
angiosperm
120.
Draw
and Label the parts of a bisexual flower
121.
Describe
the life cycle of angiosperms, highlighting the role of the gametophyte and
sporophyte.
122.
How
does the structure of a bisexual flower help ensure both self-pollination and
cross-pollination?
123.
Differentiate
between the dicot flowers and monocot flowers.
124.
List
five major differences between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
125.
Identify
the type of venation found in monocots and dicots and give examples.
126.
Describe
the role of each floral part (stigma, style, ovary, anther, filament, petal,
sepal).
127.
Explain
how the ovule develops into a seed after fertilization.
128.
Differentiate
between the male gametophyte and the female gametophyte in angiosperms.
129.
Illustrate
the process of pollen tube growth and its role in fertilization.
130.
How
does the structure of reticulate venation improve photosynthesis efficiency
compared to parallel venation?
131.
In
terms of reproduction, what advantages do bisexual flowers have over unisexual
flowers?
132.
Define
double fertilization in angiosperms.
133.
Describe
the process that occurs after a pollen grain lands on a stigma.
134.
Explain
the term double fertilization with the help of the life cycle diagram.
135.
Describe
the role of the generative and tube nuclei in the pollen tube.
136.
Why
is the endosperm triploid while the zygote is diploid?
137.
Inflorescences
138.
Describe
the two types of inflorescences.
139.
Explain
the role of the pollen tube in fertilization.
140.
Differentiate
between racemose and cymose inflorescence.
141.
Identify
the type of inflorescence in sunflower, euphorbia, amaltas, and grapes.
142.
What
is the significance of the triploid endosperm in seed development?
143.
Define
racemose inflorescence.
144.
Define
cymose inflorescence.
145.
What
is fertilization in angiosperms?
146.
List
two examples each of racemose and cymose inflorescence.
147.
Explain
the difference between racemose and cymose inflorescence with respect to the growth
of the main axis and position of oldest flower.
148.
Define
uniparous cyme and name its two types.
149.
Describe
the structure of a biparous cyme and give one example.
150.
Explain
multiparous cyme and name a plant where it occurs.
151.
Distinguish
between simple umbel and compound umbel.
152.
Describe
uniparous cyme (monochasial cyme) with examples.
153.
Match
the following with their inflorescence type: Cassia fistula, Achyranthus,
Iberis and Begonia.
154.
Compare
the flower arrangement in an umbel and a corymb.
Benefits of
angiosperm to human beings
155.
List
four major uses of angiosperms in human life.
156.
Give
two examples of medicinal plants and the diseases they are used to treat.
157.
How
are uniparous cyme different from biparous cyme?
158.
List
four major food crops obtained from angiosperms.
159.
Write
one industrial use of angiosperms apart from food and medicine.
160.
Describe
the significance of the grass family (Gramineae)
161.
What
is the role of quinine from the fever tree (Cinchona succirubra)?
162.
What
is the national tree of Pakistan. Write its scientific name and economic
importance.
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